Practical English Usage (3rd Edition)   Michael Swan

English level: Intermediate to
Advanced

Description

The world’s most trusted guide to problems in English — now in a new edition.

Overview

A dictionary of problem points in the English language as encountered by
learners and their teachers. Common problems are solved with practical, clear
information in over 600 entries.

Who is it for?

Teachers of English.

Higher-level students of English (working alone or in class).

Key features

Thoroughly revised following extensive research with current users of the book.

New features make it easier for users to find their way around the book.

All the most popular entries are retained, but almost all the entries have been
modified to make them clearer and more effective in solving readers’ problems.

Explanations and examples now based on current corpus research.

New entries on ‘Kinds of English’, covering standard English and dialects,
correctness, spoken and written English, formality, and variation and change.

Данное учебное пособие представляет из себя
словарь-справочник трудностей английского языка. Предлагаемая Вашему вниманию
книга является, безусловно, одним из самых лучших изданий подобного рода.
Достаточно отметить тот факт, что, среди преподавателей английского языка, эта
книга известна как «Библия английского языка».

Что же делает данную книгу такой популярной? В книге
делается акцент на грамматические трудности. Следует отметить что книга
построена в виде вопросов и ответов, что безусловно делает ее ближе к читателю.
Кроме грамматики освещены вопросы и словоупотребления. Автору удалось добиться
того, что, при всей академичности изложения материала, книга остается очень
удобным справочником. Книга и в правду направлена на демонстрацию взаимосвязей
языковых явлений и посему в каждой из статей содержатся множество ссылок на
статьи по схожей тематике. Следует отметить, что, несмотря на то что автором все
сделано на высочайшем уровне, он все же рекомендует для более детального
изучения грамматики и словоупотребления обратиться к словарям и грамматическим
справочникам, список которых имеется в книге.

 

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Contents Overview

verbs, tense and aspect

future 211-221

present tenses 461-466

past simple and progressive 421-422 perfect verb forms 427 present perfect
455-460 past perfect 423^125 progressive (continuous) verb forms 470^72

past verb form with present or

future meaning 426 tense simplification in subordinate

clauses (present for future, past for would etc) 580

be, do, have and modal auxiliaries

auxiliary verbs 85

be 89-92 there is 587 do 158-162 have 234-239

modal verbs 353-354 can and could 121-125 may and might 338-344 can, could, may
and might

compared 345 must 358-361 ought 403 should 518-521 should, ought and must
compared

520 will 629 would 633

infinitives and participles

infinitives 279-292 -ing forms 293-294 -ing forms used like nouns

(gerunds) 295-298

-ing form or infinitive after remembe,, go on etc 299

-ing and -ed forms used as adjectives (participles) 408-411

verbs: other points

active verb forms 10

passives 412-420

subjunctive 567

link verbs: be, seem, look etc 328

irregular verbs 304

verb complementaiion (what can

follow a verb?) 606 verbs with two objects 610 verb + object + complement 607
two-part verbs: phrasal verbs 599;

prepositional verbs 600

verbs of movement

(she ran in etc) 608 turning verbs into nouns 598

older English verb forms 392

nouns

singular and plural 523-532 countable and uncountable nouns

148-149 gender (references to males and

females) 222 piece- and group-words

(a bar of chocolate, a bunch

of flowers etc) 430

possessive ss 439-440 noun + noun 385-386

complementaiion (what can follow a noun?) 384

pronouns

personal pronouns

(I, me, you etc) 428-9 reflexive pronouns (myself etc) 493 each other and one
another 171 indefinite pronouns (somebody,

someone, anything etc) 548 interrogaiive which, what, who etc

622-624 one: substitute word (a big one etc)

395 possessives and demonstratives: see

determiness relative who, whom, which, that etc

494-497 whoever, whatever etc 625

determiners (the, my, some, several etc)

introduciion 154

articles (a/ап and the) 61-70 possessives (my, mine etc) 441^43 demonstratives

(this, that, these, those) 589-590

all 35^10

another and other(s) 54

any 55

any and every 56

both 110

each 169

each and every 170

every (one) 193

either 174

enough 187

half 231

less and fewer 320

least and fewest 318

(a) little and (a) few 329

[a] lot 333

more 355

most 356

much and many 357

neither (of) 372

no, none and not a/any 376

so much and so many 542

some 546

some and any 547

too much and too many 596

adjectives

position 12-14

order before nouns 15

complementation (what can follow an adjective?) 19

adjectives with and 16

adjectives without nouns 17

pronuncaation of aged, naked etc 18

adverbs

position 21-25

adverbs of manner and adjectives 26 adverbs or adjectives? confusing cases 27

adverb pardcles 20

comparison

structures 135

as … as; as much/mant as 136 comparaiive and superlaiive adjectives and
adverbs 137-141

prepositions

general

introduction 448

at the ends of clauses 452

before conjunctions 453

before -ing forms 454

before and after particular words

and expressions 449^150 prepositional verbs 600 expressions without prepositions
451

particular prepositions

about and on 4

above and over 6

according to 8

across, over and through 9

along 45

(a)round and about 60

at/in and to 80

at, on and in: place 81

at, on and in: time 82

before and in front of 98

below, under, underneath

and beneath 100 between and among 105 by: time 117 by and near 118 by (method,
agent) and with

(tools etc) 119 due to and owing to 166 during and for 167 during and in 168
for: purpose and cause 207 for, since, in and from: time 208 in and into, on and
onto 269 in and to 270 in spite of 272 instead of 301

like and as: similarity, function 326 near (to) 365

opposite, facing and in front of 402 out of 404 through: time 592 untll 602 up
and down 603 with 631

conjunctions

general

conjunctioss 510 sentence structure 511

particular conjunctions and 52

and after try, wait, go etc 53 as and though: special word order 71 as if and as
though; like 74 as long as 75 as well as 78 because 94 before 97 both … and
111 either… or 175 how 252

immediately, the moment etc 267 it’s time (that) 306 lest 321

neither… nor 373 neithe,, nor and not… either 374 not only … 383 now
(that) 387 once 394

so that and in order that 543 that-clauses 583 omission of that 584 unless 601
when and if 618 whether … or… 620 whether and if 621

word order and sentence organisation

basic word order 509 inversion (verb before subject)

302-303 fronting (e.g. People like that

I can’t stand) 513 information structure 512 emphasis 184

various structures

questions 480^86 question tags 487-488 negative structures 367-371
imperatives 268, 323 (let) exclamations 195

direct speech: reporting verbs and

word order 156 indirect speech

(reported speech) 274-278

relatives

(the person who … etc): 494-498 whoever, whatever etc 625

if 256-265

preparatory it: 446-447

cleft sentences: what I need is a

holiday 130; it was my secretary

who … 131

ellipsis (leaving out words) 177-182

understanding complicated

sentences 515

constructing text

discourse markers (linking

expressions) 157 paragraphs 406 repetition 500

correspondence

letters 146

emails and text messages 147

spoken grammar

contractions 143 spoken structures and tags 514 short answers (Yes, he can
etc) 517 reply questions (Was it? Did you?) 484

special kinds of language

abbreviations and acronyms 2 idioms, collocations and fixed expressions 255

politeness using questions 435 distancing verb forms 436 softening expressions
437 ‘social’ language 545

varieties and styles of English American and British English 51 standard English
and dialects 308 correctness 309

spoken and written English 310 formality 311 variation and change 312
abbreviated styles 1 headlines 240 slang 533 taboo words and swearwords 575

topic areas

age 32

dates 152

meals 347

measurements: ‘marked’ and

‘unmarked’ forms 350 names (Florence, Homer etc) 362 names and tides (Peter; Mr
Lewis) 363 nationalities, countries and

regions 364 numbers 389 telephoning 578 telling the time 579

spelling and punctuation

spelling 556-565 punctuation 473-479

pronunciation

stress and rhythm 554

intonation 555

weak and strong forms 616

word-building

prefixes and suffixes 445

confusable words and expressions


accept and agree 7 all right and alright 41 allow, permit and let 42 almost
and nearly; practically 43 alone, lonely, lonesome and lone 44 also, as well and
too 46-47 alternately and alternatively 48 although, though, but and however:

contrast 49 altogether and all together 50 arise and rise 59 as, because, since
and for 72 as, when and while:

simultaneous events 73 at first and first 84 (a)wake and (a)waken 86 back and
again 87 bath and bathe 88 beat and win 93 begin and start 99 beside and besides
101 besides, except and apart from 102 big, large and great 106 born and borne
108 borrow and lend 109 bring and take 112 bring up and educate 113 Britain, the
United Kingdom,

the British Isles and England 114 broad and wide 115 care: take care (of), care
(about) and

care for 127 changes (become, get, go, grow etc) 128 city and town 129 classic
and classical 254 close and shut 132 cloth and clothes 133 come and go 134 comic
and comical 254

continual(ly) and continuous(ly) 142

dead, died and death 153

east and eastern, north and northern

etc 172 economic and economical 254 efficient and effective 173 electric and
electrical 254 end and finish: verbs 185 especially) and special(ly) 188 except
and except for 194 expect, hope, wait and look forward 196 experiment and
experience 197 fairly, quite, rather and pretty:

adverbs of degree 199 far and a long way 200 farther and further 201 female and
feminine; male

and masculine 203 finally, at last, in the end

and at the end 204 fit and suit 206 forget and leave 209 fun and funny 210 get
and go: movement 225 hear and listen (to) 241 here and there 245 high and tall
246 hire, rent and let 247 historic and historical 254 holiday and holidays 248
how and what … like? 253 ill and sick 266 in case and if 271 its and it’s 305
last, the last, the latest 314 later and in 315 lay and lie 316

long and (for) a long time 330 lose and loose 332 loudly and aloud 334 magic and
magical 254 maybe and perhaps 346 next and the next; nearest 375 no more, not
any more, no longer 379 not and no 382

opportunity and possibility 400 play and game 432 politic and political 254
politics and policy 438 price and prize 468 principal and principle 469

road and street 502

say and teft 504

sensible and sensitive 508

shade and shadow 516

small and little 534

so (conjunction) and then 537

sometime, sometime and sometimes 549

soon, early and quickly 550

such and so 569

speak and talk 553

thankful and grateful 582

travel, journey, trip and voyage 597

whose and who’s 627

other words and expressions


[be] able to 3

actually) 11

afraid 28

after: adverb 29

after: conjunction 30

after all 31

ago 33

alike 34

any (any better etc) 57

appear 58

as: structures 581

as such 76

as usual 77

ask 79

at all 83

before: adverb 96

bet 103

better 104

[a] bit 107

but meaning ‘except’ 116

call 120

can’t help 126

contrary 144

control 145

country 150

dare 151

different 155

divorce 337

doubt 163

dress 164

drown 165

elder and eldest 176

else 183

enjoy 186

even 189

eventual(ly) 190

ever 191

ever so, ever such 192

explain 198

feel 202

finished 205

first Cite is the first… etc): tenses 591

get: meanings and structures 223-224

give with action-nouns 226

go/come for a… 227

go/come .. .ing 228

gone with be 229

had better 230

happen to … 232

hardly, scarcely and no sooner 233

hear, see etc + object + verb form 242

hear, see etc with that-dause 243

help 244

home 249

hope 250

hopefully 251

indeed 273

just 307

know 313

last (this is the last… etc): tenses 591

learn 317

left 319

let: 322-323

life: countable or uncountable 324

like: verb 325

likely 327

look 331

make: 335-336

marry 337

mean 348

means 349

mind (do you mind etc) 351

miss 352

need 366

no (no better etc) 57

no doubt 377

no matter 378

nowadays 388

of course 390

often 391

once: adverb 393

only: focusing adverb 398

open 399

opposite (adjective): position 401

own 405

part 407

place (a place to live, etc) 431

please and thank you 433

point of view 434

prefer 444

presently 467

quite 489

rather 490-491

reason 492

remind 499

[the] rest 501

[the] same 503

see 505

see, look (at) and watch 506

seem 507

smell 535

since: tenses 522

so: adverb meaning like this/that’ 536

so: degree adverb (so tired, so fast) 538

so (and not) with hope, believe etc 539

so with say and tell 540

so-and-so; so-so 544

sort of, kind of and type of 551

sound 552

still, yet and already: time 566

such 568

suggest 570

suppose, supposing and what if 571

supposed to 572

surely 573

sympathetic 574

take: time 576

taste 577

than: structures 581

the matter (with) 585

there 586

think 588

time 593

tonight 594

too 595

used to 604

[be] used to .. .ing 605

very and very much 611

wait 612

want 613

-wards 614

way 615

well 617

where (to) 619

why and why not 628

wish: tenses 630

worth 632

yes and no 634

 

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