Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English.
Based on the insights and
discoveries of the ground-breaking Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written
English, this new book brings fresh perspective to the study of English grammar.
The Longman Student Grammar of
Spoken and Written English is a pedagogical coursebook for advanced students at
university or on teacher-training courses, and an invaluable reference grammar.
It combines a comprehensive examination of grammatical structure with
information about the how, when, and why of the English as it is really used.
The Longman Student Grammar:
examines patterns of use in news, fiction, academic, and spoken English
takes grammar and vocabulary together and looks at how they interact
is based on an analysis of 40-million words of British and American, written and
spoken corpus text
uses over 3000 examples of real, corpus English to illustrate the points
uses frequency tables and graphs to make the new findings of this grammar clear
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Contents
Preface
Abbreviations, symbols, and conventions iv
Grammar Bites in each chapter viii
1. Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 A corpus-based grammar 3
1.3 More about language variation 4
1.4 More detail on the LSWE Corpus 7
1.5 Overview of the book 9
1.6 Conventions used in the book 10
2. Words and word classes 12
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 What are words? 14
2.3 Survey of lexical words 20
2.4 Survey of function words 26
2.5 Special classes of words 32
2.6 Word-class ambiguities 35
3. Introduction to phrases and clauses 37
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Phrases and their characteristics 38
3.3 Types of phrases 41
3.4 A preview of clause patterns 46
3.5 Clause elements 47
4. Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase 55
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Main types of nouns 56
4.3 Proper nouns v. common nouns 59
4.4 Package nouns 60
4.5 Determiners 65
4.6 The articles 67
4.7 Other determiners 72
4.8 Number: singular and plural 78
4.9 Case: the genitive 79
4.10 Gender 85
4.11 The formation of derived nouns 88
4.12 Personal pronouns 93
4.13 Reflexive pronouns 97
4.14 Demonstrative pronouns 98
4.15 Indefinite pronouns 99
4.16 Other pronouns 101
5. Verbs 102
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Verb functions and classes 103
5.3 Semantic categories of lexical verbs 106
5.4 The most common lexical verbs 110
5.5 Regular and irregular verb endings 115
5.6 Verb formation 118
5.7 Valency patterns 119
5.8 Multi-word verbs: structure and meaning 123
5.9 Phrasal verbs 127
5.10 Prepositional verbs 129
5.11 Phrasal-prepositional verbs 132
5.12 Other multi-word verb constructions 134
5.13 Be 135
5.14 Have 136
5.15 Do 137
5.16 The copula be, and other copular verbs 140
5.17 Functions of copular verbs 141
6. Variation in the verb phrase: tense, aspect, voice, and modal use
148
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Tense and time distinctions: simple present and past tense 150
6.3 Perfect and progressive aspect 156
6.4 Perfect aspect in use 159
6.5 Progressive aspect 162
6.6 Active and passive voice 166
6.7 Associations between verbs and passive voice 170
6.8 Voice and aspect combinations 173
6.9 Modals and semi-modals 174
6.10 Personal and logical meanings of modals 178
6.11 Be going to and used to 182
6.12 Modals combined with aspect or voice 183
6.13 Sequences of modals and semi-modals 184
7. Adjectives and adverbs 186
7.1 introduction 187
7.2 Characteristics of adjectives 188
7.3 The formation of adjectives 190
7.4 The function of adverbs 193
7.5 The formation of adverbs 193
7.6 Semantic categories of adjectives 197
7.7 More about attributive adjectives 199
7.8 More about predicative adjectives 200
7.9 Other syntactic roles of adjectives 202
7.10 Syntactic roles of adverbs 204
7.11 Semantic categories of adverbs 208
7.12 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives 215
7.13 Comparative and superlative forms of adverbs 218
7.14 Comparative clauses and other degree complements 218
8. Exploring the grammar of the clause 221
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Devices of elaboration and condensation 223
8.3 Subordination and dependent clauses 224
8.4 Coordination 227
8.5 Ellipsis and structural condensation 230
8.6 The subject-verb concord rule 232
8.7 Verbs as operators 238
8.8 Negation 239
8.9 Major types of independent clause 248
8.10 Declarative clauses 249
8.11 Interrogative clauses 249
8.12 Exclamative clauses 254
8.13 Imperative clauses 254
8.14 Non-clausal material 255
8.15 Finite dependent clauses 256
8.16 Non-finite dependent clauses 259
8.17 Subjunctive verbs in dependent clauses 261
8.18 Dependent clauses with no main clause 262
9. Complex noun phrases 263
9-i Introduction 264
9.2 Survey of noun modifier types 265
9.3 Noun phrases with premodifiers and postmodifiers across registers 267
9.4 Types of premodifiers 272
9.5 Meaning relationships expressed by noun + noun sequences 273
9.6 Noun phrases with multiple premodifiers 276
9.7 Restrictive v. non-restrictive function 279
9.8 Postmodification by relative clauses 281
9.9 Postmodification by non-finite clauses 291
9.10 Postmodification by prepositional phrase 294
9.11 Postmodification by appositive noun phrases 297
9.iz Noun phrases with multiple postmodifiers 298
9.13 Noun complement clauses 300
9.14 Head nouns with noun complement clauses 302
10. Verb and adjective complement clauses 307
10.1 Introduction 308
10.2 Types of complement clauses 308
10.3 Grammatical positions of complement clauses 310
10.4 Discourse functions of that-clauses 312
10.5 Post-predicate f/iaf-clauses 314
10.6 Verbs controlling extraposed that-clauses 317
10.7 Tnat-clauses controlled by adjectives 317
10.8 Discourse choices with tbat-clauses 319
10.9 Structure and function of wh-clauses 322
10.10 Post-pre die ate wh-clauses controlled by verbs 324
10.11 Interrogative clauses with whet/ierand if 326
10.12 Overview of infinitive clauses 328
10.13 Post-predicate to-clauses controlled by verbs 328
10.14 Subject predicative to-clauses 334
10.15 Post-predicate to-clauses controlled by adjectives 335
Ю.16 Raising 337
10.17 Extraposed to-clauses 338
10.18 Raising v. extraposition 341
10.19 To-clause types across registers 342
10.20 Overview of /Tig-clauses 344
10.21 Post-predicate /ng-clauses 344
10.22 Ellipsis and substitution in complement clauses 348
10.23 Choice of complement clause type 349
11. Adverbials 353
11.1 Introduction 354
11.2 The main classes of adverbials 355
11.3 Syntactic forms of adverbials 358
11.4 Positions of adverbials 359
11.5 The relationship between adverbials and other clause elements 361
11.6 Semantic categories of circumstance adverbials 362
11.7 Extremely common circumstance adverbials in conversation 368
11.8 Positions of circumstance adverbials 369
11.9 Additional semantic categories of circumstance adverbial clauses 373
11.10 Syntactic forms of adverbial clauses 376
11.11 Positions of adverbial clauses 378
11.12 Subordinators with circumstance adverbial clauses 380
11.13 Semantic categories of stance adverbials 382
11.14 The most common stance adverbials 386
11.15 Positions of stance adverbials 387
11.16 Other discourse functions of stance adverbials 388
11.17 Semantic categories of linking adverbials 389
11.18 The most common linking adverbials in conversation and academic prose 393
11.19 Positions of linking adverbials 394
12. Word order choices 397
12.1 Introduction 398
12.2 Word order 400
12.3 Fronting 100
12.4 Inversion 405
12.5 Existential there 412
12.6 The verb in existential there clauses 414
12.7 The notional subject 414
12.8 Adverbials in existential clauses 415
12.9 Simple v. complex existential clauses 415
12.10 Discourse functions of existential clauses 416
12.11 Dislocation 418
12.12 Clefting 419
12.13 Word order choices after the verb 423
12.14 Summary: syntactic choices in conversation v. academic prose 425
13. The grammar of conversation 427
13.1 Introduction 428
13.2 The discourse circumstances of conversation 429
13.3 Performance phenomena in conversation 436
13.4 Non-clausal units 440
13.5 Ellipsis 441
13.6 Lexical bundles in speech 443
13.7 Inserts 449
Glossary of terms 455
A-Z list of irregular verbs 462
Index 464