Fundamentals of English Grammar. Betty Azar
Third Edition; with Answer Key
3rd. ed. — Longman, 2003 — 524
с.
The Third Edition of Fundamentals
of English Grammar combines communicative methods with the direct teaching of
grammar. While retaining its characteristic clarity and simplicity in grammar
instruction, this edition is enriched by a wide variety of language-learning
activities for the classroom.
Key features of the Third Edition:
Numerous real communication opportunities using the students’ lives as context.
More interactive work in pairs and groups.
Error-analysis exercises in every chapter.
New exercises on form and meaning.
Open-ended tasks for both speaking and writing. · Additional passages using
target structures in extended contexts.
Two Appendices, one with phrasal verbs, one with preposition combinations.
Workbook devoted solely to self-study exercises.
Student Book available with or without Answer Key.
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Все книги этой серии / The Azar
Grammar Series
Basic English grammar.
Betty Azar
Fundamentals of English Grammar. Betty Azar
Understanding and Using English Grammar. Betty Azar
CONTENTS
Preface to the Third
Edition ………………………
,……………………………………………………………..
xiii
Acknowledgments
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
xv
Chapter! PRESENT TIME
I-l The simple present and the present progressive
………………………………………………………………
4
1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present
progressive………………………………………………….
4
1-3 Frequency
adverbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9
1-4 Final -s
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12
1-5 Spelling of final -s/-es
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
L3
1-6 Non-action verbs
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17
1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no
questions………………………………………………………….
19
Chapter 2 PAST TIME
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
……………………………………………………………………………
25
2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular
verbs…………………………………………………………………………..
26
2-3 Forms of the simple past: be……………………………………………………………………………………………
26
2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed
endings…………………………………………………………………..
28
2-5 Spelling oi-ing and -erfforms…………………………………………………………………………………………..
29
2-6 The principal parts of a
verb……………………………………………………………………………………………
32
2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list
……………………………………………………………………………………..
33
2-8 The simple past and the past progressive
…………………………………………………………………….
39
2-9 Forms of the past
progressive…………………………………………………………………………………………
39
2-10 Expressing past time: using time
clauses………………………………………………………………………….
48
2-11 Expressing past habit: used to
………………………………………………………………………………………
52
Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME
3-1 Expressing future time: be going to and -will………………………………………………………………….
56
3-2 Forms with be going to……………………………………………………………………………………………………
56
3-3 Forms with -will………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
59
3-4 Sureness about the
future……………………………………………………………………………………………….
60
3-5 Be going to vs. will…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
63
3-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and ^/-clauses
……………………………………………………. 65
3-7 Using the present progressive to express future
time……………………………………………………..
70
3-8 Using the simple present to express future time
……………………………………………………………
73
3-9 Immediate future: using be about to
……………………………………………………………………………..
74
3-10 Parallel verbs
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
76
Chapter 4 THE PRESENT
PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT
4-1 Past
participle………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
84
4-2 Forms of the present
perfect……………………………………………………………………………………………
85
4-3 iMeanings of the present perfect
………………………………………………………………………………….
86
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
……………………………………………………………………………………..
87
4-5 Using since
and/or…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
95
4-6 Present perfect
progressive……………………………………………………………………………………………..
98
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present
perfect…………………………………………………………….
100
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
……………………………………………………………………….
102
4-9 Past
perfect…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
112
Chapter 5 ASKING
QUESTIONS
5-1 Yes/no questions and short
answers……………………………………………………………………………
121
5-2 Yes/no questions and information questions
…………………………………………………………….
123
5-3 Where, why, zuhen, and what time………………………………………………………………………………..
124
5-4 Questions with who, who(m), and what
…………………………………………………………………….
125
5-5 Spoken and written contractions with question
words………………………………………………… 128
5-6 Using what + a form of do
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
130
5-7 Using what kind of……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
132
5-8 Using which
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
133
5-9 Using whose
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
135
5-10 Using how……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
138
5-11 Using how often
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
139
5-12 Using how far……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
140
5-13 Length of time: it + take and how long
……………………………………………………………………..
141
5-14 More questions with how……………………………………………………………………………………………..
143
5-15 Using how about and what about
………………………………………………………………………………
149
5-16 Tag
questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
152
Chapter 6 NOUNS AND
PRONOUNS
6-1 Pronunciation of final -sl-es………………………………………………………………………………………….
157
6-2 Plural forms of
nouns……………………………………………………………………………………………………
158
6-3 Subjects, verbs, and
objects…………………………………………………………………………………………
159
6-4 Objects of
prepositions………………………………………………………………………………………………..
161
6-5 Prepositions of time
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
163
6-6 Word order: place and
time…………………………………………………………………………………………..
164
6-7 Subject-verb agreement
………………………………………………………………………………………………
165
6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns
…………………………………………………………………………….
166
6-9 Using nouns as
adjectives……………………………………………………………………………………………
168
6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and
objects………………………………………………………………………
171
6-11 Possessive
nouns…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
173
6-12 Possessive pronouns and
adjectives……………………………………………………………………………
176
6-13 Reflexive
pronouns……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
178
6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other……………………………………………………………..
181
6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)
………………………………………………………….
183
6-16 Summary of forms of other……………………………………………………………………………………………
186
Chapter 7 MODAL
AUXILIARIES
7-1
The form of
modal
auxiliaries……………………………………………………………………………………….
190
7-2
Expressing
ability: can and could………………………………………………………………………………..
191
7-3
Expressing
possibility: may and might
Expressing permission: may and can…………………………………………………………………………..
193
7-4
Using
could to express
possibility………………………………………………………………………………
195
7-5
Polite
questions: may 1, could I, can I
………………………………………………………………………
197
7-6
Polite
questions: would you, could you, will you, can you
……………………………………… 199
7-7
Expressing advice: should
and ought to
……………………………………………………………………
202
7-8
Expressing advice: had
better
…………………………………………………………………………………..
203
7-9
Expressing necessity:
have to, have got to, must
…………………………………………………….. 206
7-10
Expressing
lack of necessity: do not have to
Expressing prohibition: must not…………………………………………………………………………………
207
7-11
Making logical conclusions:
must
……………………………………………………………………………..
210
7-12
Giving instructions:
imperative sentences
…………………………………………………………………
213
7-13
Making suggestions: let’s
and why don’t…………………………………………………………………….
215
7-14
Stating preferences:
prefer, like … better, -would rather…………………………………………….
218
Chapter 8 CONNECTING
IDEAS
8-1
Connecting ideas with and………………………………………………………………………………………….
226
8-2
Connecting ideas with but
and or
……………………………………………………………………………..
228
8-3
Connecting ideas with so…………………………………………………………………………………………….
230
8-4
Using auxiliary verbs after
but and and……………………………………………………………………….
233
8-5
Using and + too, so,
either, neither…………………………………………………………………………….
235
8-6
Connecting ideas with
because
…………………………………………………………………………………
239
8-7
Connecting ideas with
even though!although
………………………………………………………….
241
Chapter 9 COMPARISONS
9-1
Making comparisons with
as … as
…………………………………………………………………………….
248
9-2
Comparative and
superlative……………………………………………………………………………………….
252
9-3
Comparative and superlative
forms of adjectives and adverbs
…………………………………. 253
9-4
Completing a comparative
…………………………………………………………………………………………
257
9-5
Modifying
comparatives……………………………………………………………………………………………..
258
9-6
Comparisons with less …
than and not as … as……………………………………………………………
259
9-7
Unclear comparisons
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
260
9-8
Using more with
nouns……………………………………………………………………………………………….
261
9-9
Repeating a
comparative……………………………………………………………………………………………..
262
9-10
Using double
comparatives…………………………………………………………………………………………
263
9-11
Using
superlatives……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
265
9-12
Using the
same, similar, different, like, alike………………………………………………………………
271
Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE
10-1
Active sentences and passive
sentences…………………………………………………………………….
276
10-2
Form of the passive
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
277
10-3
Transitive and intransitive
verbs
………………………………………………………………………………
280
10-4
Using the
6y-phrase…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
282
10-5
The passive forms of the
present and past
progressive………………………………………………
287
10-6 Passive modal
auxiliaries……………………………………………………………………………………………….
288
10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative
passive)…………………………………………………..
292
10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing…………………………………………………………………………………
297
10-9 Get + adjective; get + past
participle…………………………………………………………………………..
300
10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get used/accustomed
to…………………………………………. 303
10-11 Used to vs. be used to……………………………………………………………………………………………………
305
10-12 Using be supposed to……………………………………………………………………………………………………
307
Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT
NOUNS AND ARTICLES
11-1
A
vs. an……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
312
11-2
Count and noncount
nouns…………………………………………………………………………………………
313
11-3
Noncount
nouns
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
314
11-4
More noncount nouns
………………………………………………………………………………………………
315
11-5
Using several, a lot of,
many/much, and a few/a little…………………………………………………
318
11-6
Nouns that can be count or
noncount…………………………………………………………………………
322
11-7
Using units of measure with
noncount nouns
……………………………………………………………
324
11-8
Guidelines for article
usage………………………………………………………………………………………….
326
11-9
Using the or 0 with
names……………………………………………………………………………………………
338
11-10
Capitalization……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
339
Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
12-1
Adjective clauses:
introduction
………………………………………………………………………………..
343
12-2
Using who and whom
in adjective
clauses…………………………………………………………………..
344
12-3
Using -who, u}ho(m),
and that in adjective clauses
…………………………………………………. 347
12-4
Using -which and
that in adjective clauses
……………………………………………………………….
348
12-5
Singular and plural verbs in
adjective clauses
…………………………………………………………..
354
12-6
Using prepositions in
adjective clauses
……………………………………………………………………
355
12-7
Using whose in
adjective clauses
……………………………………………………………………………..
359
Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND
INFINITIVES
13-1 Verb +
gerund………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
368
13-2 Go + -ing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
372
13-3 Verb +
infinitive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
373
13-4 Verb + gerund or
infinitive…………………………………………………………………………………………….
374
13-5 Preposition +
gerund……………………………………………………………………………………………………
381
13-6 Using by and with to express how something is
done………………………………………………….. 384
13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it +
infinitive…………………………………………………………..
387
13-8 It + infinitive: using/or (someone)……………………………………………………………………………….
388
13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for………………………………………………………………..
391
13-J0 Using infinitives with too and enough………………………………………………………………………….
394
Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES
14-1
Noun clauses:
introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….
403
14-2
Noun clauses that begin with
a question
word……………………………………………………………
404
14-3
Noun clauses with -who,
what, -whose + be
…………………………………………………………….
407
14-4
Noun clauses that begin with
if or whether…………………………………………………………………
409
14-5 Noun clauses that begin with that
……………………………………………………. 414
14-6 Other uses of
г/шС-clauses
……………………………………………………………
415
14-7 Substituting so for a (Aaf-clause in conversational responses
………………… 418
14-8 Quoted speech………………………. ;……………………………………………………
420
14-9 Quoted speech vs. reported
speech……………………………………………………. 422
14-10 Verb forms in reported speech
……………………………………………………….. 423
14-11 Common reporting verbs: tell, ask, answer/reply…………………………………..
425
APPENDIX 1 PHRASAL VERBS
Al-1 Phrasal verbs:
introduction…………………………………………………………………
432
Al-2 Phrasal verbs:
intransitive………………………………………………………………….
443
Al-3 Three-word phrasal
verbs………………………………………………………………….
446
Al-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list
…………………………………………………………. 449
APPENDIX 2 PREPOSITION
COMBINATIONS
A2-1 Preposition combinations: introduction
……………………………………………… 453
A2-2 Preposition combinations: a reference
list……………………………………………. 463
ANSWER KEY
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
465
INDEX
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
index
1